A battery electric vehicle (BEV), pure electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs. BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion. They derive all power from battery packs and thus have no internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include – but are not limited to – motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, rail cars, watercraft, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars.

In 2016 there were 210 million electric bikes worldwide used daily. Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric car vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016. As of April 2018, the world’s top selling highway legal all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leaf with global sales of over 300,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 200,000 units delivered worldwide.

Relationship with hybrid vehicles
Vehicles that use electric motors and internal combustion engines to propel themselves are called hybrid vehicles, and are not considered pure BEV:

The “traditional” hybrid vehicles use the electric motor as support (they work mainly with the gasoline or diesel engine). An example is the Toyota Prius.
Vehicles plug -in hybrid (plug-in electric hybrids) can charge batteries with both the internal combustion engine as a plug. Currently, Toyota, General Motors and other automakers have entered the race for mass manufacturing of plug-in hybrid vehicles.

Disadvantages of battery vehicles
Many electrical designs have limited autonomy, due to the low energy density of the batteries compared to the fuel of the internal combustion engine vehicles. However, adding more batteries can achieve any autonomy, at the expense of increasing the weight.

Almost all recharging systems are generally very slow compared to the relatively fast fuel filling process. This is especially complicated by the current shortage of recharging points, which begins to improve with the installation of these points in community garages, single-family homes, businesses and public roads. Also, there is the possibility of quick recharging of a few minutes.

In terms of transport, if non-renewable electricity is used, the net result is a 27% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, a slight reduction in nitrous oxide emissions. Although particulate emissions increase, the sulfur dioxide emissions would be the same, with the near elimination of carbon monoxide and emissions of volatile organic compounds. The polluting emissions would be displaced out of the street because they would be emitted in power plants and would have a less harmful effect on human health. Logically, this does not happen when using renewable electricity.

Electric vehicles are seen as friendly and respectful to the environment, if they use renewable electricity.

Possible creative solutions
To mitigate the aforementioned disadvantages and, therefore, give a strong boost to the commercialization of the VEBs, suitable strategies can be established for the use and recharge of the batteries.

One of them, could be its homologation in terms of size and voltage for its application to all vehicles, assembling in series several units for each model and according to the characteristics of the VEBs according to the different manufacturers. Even the motors would be susceptible of homologation for their cheapening and simple assembly.

Electric cars represent an environmental threat in terms of the waste of the electric batteries used as well as the production of the same as the electric motors. These require the use of a large amount of toxic materials such as nickel, aluminum and copper, hence the impact by acidification is much greater.

But the most decisive and decisive strategy when using VEBs in general and for long trips would be to avoid recharging batteries by each user. In effect, it is that at the refueling points (PR) -which, in a way that has arisen due to continuity with the current situation, would be the networks of service stations- a stock of charged batteries is available to users so that, when they arrive at the PR, only the batteries that have almost been discharged will have to be replaced for a few recharged to the maximum. This practice would be essential and almost perfect for users in case of undertaking long trips. It would be paid for the recharge and for the aging of the batteries, which the user would take in insurance, guarantee, amortization and rental combined with the time of use or the kilometers traveled. The North American company Better Placeis already working in this direction. When the batteries had reached a certain level of wear that affected their average life, the PR would provide new batteries charged to the amounts paid for the consigned items, all associated with the Amp.h. of each homologated battery and its price in the market being new.

Advantages of battery cars
Battery vehicles are pleasant with the environment so this type of vehicle does not emit polluting gases into the environment, do not present waste such as oil, filters, spare parts, etc., which could then contaminate the environment.

There are vehicles that can be used in 2 ways: Either with a hybrid engine (using combustion and electricity) or only one electric, in addition, oil-derived combustion vehicles yield around 800 km per pond, at a cost of 60 dollars, the electric cars yield 400 km approximately, those that cost 7 dollars, although there are currently vehicles that can go faster.

Vehicles by type
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use charged batteries on board vehicles for propulsion. Battery electric cars are becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) that have higher power and energy density (i.e., greater possible acceleration and more range with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.

BEVs include automobiles, light trucks, and neighborhood electric vehicles.

Rail

Battery electric railcars:
A battery electric multiple unit, battery electric railcar or accumulator railcar is an electrically driven multiple unit or railcar whose energy is derived from rechargeable batteries that drive its traction motors.

The main advantage of these vehicles is that they do not use fossil fuels like coal or diesel fuel, emit no exhaust gases and do not require the railway to have expensive infrastructure like electric ground rails or overhead catenary. On the down side is the weight of the batteries, which raises the vehicle weight, and their range before recharging of between 300 and 600 kilometres (186 and 373 mi). Currently, battery electric units have a higher purchase price and running cost than petrol or diesel railcars, needing one or more charging stations along the routes they operate.

Battery technology has greatly improved over the past 20 years broadening the scope of use of battery trains, moving away from limited niche applications. Despite higher purchase and running costs, on certain railway lines battery trains are economically viable as the very high cost and maintenance of full line electrification is eliminated. From March 2014 passenger battery trains have been in operation in Japan on a number of lines. Austria and New Zealand have ordered overhead wire/battery trains which will be operational in 2019. Britain successfully trialled fare paying passenger hybrid overhead wire/lithium battery trains in January and February 2015.

Locomotives:
A battery-electric locomotive (or battery locomotive) is powered by on-board batteries; a kind of battery electric vehicle.

Such locomotives are used where a conventional diesel or electric locomotive would be unsuitable. Another use for battery locomotives is in industrial facilities where a combustion-powered locomotive (i.e., steam- or diesel-powered) could cause a safety issue due to the risks of fire, explosion or fumes in a confined space. Battery locomotives are preferred for mines where gas could be ignited by trolley-powered units arcing at the collection shoes, or where electrical resistance could develop in the supply or return circuits, especially at rail joints, and allow dangerous current leakage into the ground. Mine railways often use battery locomotives.

The first electric locomotive built in 1837 was a battery locomotive It was built by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen, and it was powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Another early example was at the Kennecott Copper Mine, Latouche, Alaska, where in 1917 the underground haulage ways were widened to enable working by two battery locomotives of 4 1⁄2 short tons (4.0 long tons; 4.1 t). In 1928, Kennecott Copper ordered four 700-series electric locomotives with on-board batteries. These locomotives weighed 85 short tons (76 long tons; 77 t) and operated on 750 volt overhead trolley wire with considerable further range whilst running on batteries. The locomotives provided several decades of service using Nickel-iron battery (Edison) technology. The batteries were replaced with lead-acid batteries, and the locomotives were retired shortly afterward. All four locomotives were donated to museums, but one was scrapped. The others can be seen at the Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad, Iowa, and at the Western Railway Museum in Rio Vista, California.

Electric rail trolley:
MetroTrolley is a battery electric vehicle developed in response to zero emission rail car requirements in certain environments. Its aim is to replace the RRV Hirail-type road-rail vehicle used for ultrasonic rail flaw detection (RFD / non-destructive testing). Previous trolley types do not have full rail inspection capabilities or do not have zero emissions. It was developed in 2007 by the Centre for Advanced Transport Engineering and Research (CATER) in Western Australia primarily for ultrasonic rail flaw detection.

A newly developed alternative is the HANDWave DRT (Dual Rail Tester) which is capable of ultrasonic rail flaw detection performance equivalent to current rail bound testers. This unit can be separated into two separate Single Rail Testers (HANDWave SRT) or towed behind a rail vehicle.

Electric bus
Chattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-fare electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have carried 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometres (1,900,000 mi), they were made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. Two of these buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

Beginning in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi Rosa electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of the Blue Bird TC/2000. A similar bus was operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April, 2004.

The 2008 Beijing Olympics used a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with the air conditioning on. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about 1 kW⋅h/mi (0.62 kW⋅h/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by the Jinghua Coach. The batteries are replaced with fully charged ones at the recharging station to allow 24-hour operation of the buses.

In France, the electric bus phenomenon is in development, but some buses are already operating in numerous cities. PVI, a medium-sized company located in the Paris region, is one of the leaders of the market with its brand Gepebus (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).

In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. The Proterra EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-titanate batteries and is able to fast-charge in less than 10 minutes.

In 2014, the first production model all-electric school bus was delivered to the Kings Canyon Unified School District in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four the district ordered. This battery electric school bus, which has 4 sodium nickel batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for student transportation by any state.

The same technology is used to power the Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology was supported by the California Energy Commission, and the shuttle program is being supported by Google.

Thunder Sky
Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, the 10/21 passenger EV-6700 with a range of 280 km (170 mi) under 20 mins quick-charge, the EV-2009 city buses, and the 43 passenger EV-2008 highway bus, which has a range of 300 km (190 mi) under quick-charge (20 mins to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full charge (25 mins). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.

Free Tindo
Tindo is an all-electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solar PV system on Adelaide’s central bus station. Rides are zero-fare as part of Adelaide’s public transport system.

First Fast-Charge, Battery-Electric Transit Bus
Proterra’s EcoRide BE35 transit bus, called the Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast charge, battery-electric bus. Proterra’s ProDrive drive-system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of the available energy and returns it to the TerraVolt energy storage system, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31–35 percent. It can travel 30–40 miles on a single charge, is up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than a typical diesel or CNG bus, and produces 44 percent less carbon than CNG.

Electric trucks
For most of the 20th century, the majority of the world’s battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats. The 21st century saw the massive development of BYD electric trucks.

Electric vans
In March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the release of the Newton Step-Van, an all-electric, zero-emission vehicle built on the versatile Newton platform that features a walk-in body produced by Indiana-based Utilimaster.

BYD supplies DHL with electric distribution fleet of commercial BYD T3.

Electric cars
A battery-powered electric car is an automobile which is propelled by electric motors.

Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the lower specific energy of production batteries available in 2015 compared with carbon-based fuels means that electric cars need batteries that are fairly large fraction of the vehicle mass but still often give relatively low range between charges. Recharging can also take significant lengths of time. For journeys within a single battery charge, rather than long journeys, electric cars are practical forms of transportation and can be recharged overnight.

Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions. Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated. With the current US energy mix, using an electric car would result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40 percent in the UK, 19 percent in China, and as little as 1 percent in Germany.[not in citation given]

Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the auto industry given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected rise in gasoline prices. World governments are pledging billions to fund development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US$2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries. China has announced it will provide US$15 billion to initiate an electric car industry.

In 2015, it was the first time BYD also ranked first in accumulated global sales throughout an entire year – with a total of over 43,073 NEVs sold (a >220% surge compared to last year), exceeding all American, Japanese and European leaders to date.

Cumulative global sales of highway-capable battery electric cars and vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016. The Renault-Nissan Alliance is the leading all-electric vehicle manufacturer. The Alliance achieved the sales milestone of 350,000 all-electric vehicles delivered globally in August 2016. Ranking second is Tesla Motors with over 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.

As of December 2016, the world’s top selling highway capable all-electric car in history is the Nissan Leaf, released in December 2010, with global sales of more than 250,000 units, followed by the Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units delivered worldwide. Ranking next are the BMW i with about 65,500 units, and the Renault Zoe with 61,205 units, both through December 2016. Until June 2016 the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family ranked fifth with about 37,600 units delivered globally. The Renault Kangoo Z.E. utility van is the leader of the light-duty all-electric segment with global sales of 25,205 units through December 2016.

Formula E is a fully electric international single seater championship. The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E.

The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two drivers each (after the withdrawal of Team Trulli, there are temporarily only nine teams competing). Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 km (1.2 to 2.1 mi) long. Currently, only the Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez.

Environmental benefits of the use of electric vehicles
Electric vehicles produce no GHG emissions, at the tailpipe. So they are considered ‘green’ because they have no emissions in the place where they are used. However, battery electric vehicles can be considered Zero emission engines only locally, because they produce GHG in the power plants where electricity is generated.[dubious – discuss] The two factors driving these GHG emissions of Battery Electric Vehicles are:

the Carbon intensity of the electricity used to recharge the Electric Vehicle (commonly expressed in grams of CO2 per kWh)
the consumption of the specific vehicle (in kilometers/kWh)
The Carbon Intensity of electricity can largely vary, depending on the electricity mix of the geographic region where electricity is consumed (a Country with high shares of renewables in his electricity mix will have a low C.I.). In the European Union, in 2013, the Carbon Intensity had a strong geographic variability, but in almost all the Member States Electric vehicles were “greener” than conventional ones. On average, Electric car saved 50%-60% compared to diesel and gasoline fuelled engines. Moreover, the de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of Electric Vehicles. In the European Union, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction of the electricity Carbon Intensity of 17%. In a Life-cycle assessment perspective, considering the GHG necessary to build the battery and its end-of-life, the GHG savings are 10-13% lower.

Special-purpose vehicles
Special-purpose vehicles come in a wide range of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as golf carts, things like electric golf trolleys, milk floats, all-terrain vehicles, neighborhood electric vehicles, and a wide range of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in electric-powered “in plant” work machines.

Electric motorcycles, scooters and rickshaws
Three-wheeled vehicles include electric rickshaws, a powered variant of the cycle rickshaw. The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations.

From India, AVERA new and renewable energy company is going to launch two models of electric scooters at the end of 2018, with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery technology.

Electric bicycles
China has experienced an explosive growth of sales of non-assisted e-bikes including scooter type, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to over 21 million in 2008, and reaching an estimated 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010. China is the world’s leading manufacturer of e-bikes, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009. Some of the biggest manufacturers of E-bikes in the world are BYD, Geoby.

Personal transporters
An increasing variety of personal transporters are being manufactured, including the one-wheeled self-balancing unicycles, self-balancing scooters, electric kick scooters, and electric skateboards.

Electric boats
Several battery electric ships operate throughout the world, some for business. Electric ferries are being operated and constructed.

Technology

Motors
Electric cars have traditionally used series wound DC motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor. Separately excited and permanent magnet are just two of the types of DC motors available. More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out. These are usually induction motors or brushless AC electric motors which use permanent magnets. There are several variations of the permanent magnet motor which offer simpler drive schemes and/or lower cost including the brushless DC electric motor.

Motor controllers
The motor controller regulates the power to the motor, supplying either variable pulse width DC or variable frequency variable amplitude AC, depending on the motor type, DC or AC.

Battery
Most electric vehicles today use an electric battery, consisting electrochemical cells with external connections in order to provide power to the vehicle.

Battery technology for EVs has developed from early lead-acid batteries used in the late 19th Century to the 2010s, where most batteries used in EVs today are lithium-ion batteries.

Source from Wikipedia