Color grading is the process of altering and enhancing the color of a motion picture, video image, or still image electronically, photo-chemically or digitally. Color grading encompasses both color correction and the generation of artistic color effects. Whether for theatrical film, video distribution, or print, color grading is generally now performed digitally in a color suite. The earlier photo-chemical film process, known as color timing, was performed at a photographic laboratory.

Color timing
The earliest film grading technique, known as colour timing, involved changing the duration of exposure processes during the film development process. Colour timing was largely used for colour correction, but could also be used for artistic purposes. Colour timing was specified in printer points. Since it could not be performed in real time, colour timing for film processing involved considerable skill in being able to predict correct exposures. For complex work, “wedges” were sometimes processed to aid the choice of the correct grading.

Telecine
With the advent of television, broadcasters quickly realised the limitations of live television broadcasts and they turned to broadcasting feature films from release prints directly from a telecine. This was before 1956 when Ampex introduced the first Quadruplex videotape recorder (VTR) VRX-1000. Live television shows could also be recorded to film and aired at different times in different time zones by filming a video monitor. The heart of this system was the kinescope, a device for recording a television broadcast to film.

The early telecine hardware was the “film chain” for broadcasting from film and utilsed a film projector connected to a video camera. As explained by Jay Holben in American Cinematographer Magazine, “The telecine didn’t truly become a viable post-production tool until it was given the ability to perform colour correction on a video signal.”

Today, telecine is synonymous with colour timing as tools and technologies have advanced to make color timing (colour correction) ubiquitous in a video environment.

How telecine colouring works
In a Cathode-ray tube (CRT) system, an electron beam is projected at a phosphor-coated envelope, producing a spot of light the size of a single pixel. This beam is then scanned across a film frame from left to right, capturing the “vertical” frame information. Horizontal scanning of the frame is then accomplished as the film moves past the CRT’s beam. Once this photon beam passes through the film frame, it encounters a series of dichroic mirrors which separate the image into its primary red, green and blue components. From there, each individual beam is reflected onto a photomultiplier tube (PMT) where the photons are converted into an electronic signal to be recorded to tape.

In a charge-coupled device (CCD) telecine, a white light is shone through the exposed film image onto a prism, which separates the image into the three primary colors, red, green and blue. Each beam of colored light is then projected at a different CCD, one for each color. The CCD converts the light into an electronic signal, and the telecine electronics modulate these into a video signal that can then be color graded.

Early color correction on Rank Cintel MkIII CRT telecine systems was accomplished by varying the primary gain voltages on each of the three photomultiplier tubes to vary the output of red, green and blue. Further advancements converted much of the color-processing equipment from analog to digital and then, with the next-generation telecine, the Ursa, the coloring process was completely digital in the 4:2:2 color space. The Ursa Gold brought about color grading in the full 4:4:4 color space.

Color correction control systems started with the Rank Cintel TOPSY (Telecine Operations Programming SYstem) in 1978. In 1984 Da Vinci Systems introduced their first color corrector, a computer-controlled interface that would manipulate the color voltages on the Rank Cintel MkIII systems. Since then, technology has improved to give extraordinary power to the digital colorist. Today there are many companies making color correction control interfaces including Da Vinci Systems, Pandora International, Pogle and more.

Some of the main functions of electronic (digital) color grading:

Reproduce accurately what was shot
Compensate for variations in the material (i.e., film errors, white balance, varying lighting conditions)
Optimize transfer for use of special effects
Establish a desired ‘look’
Enhance and/or alter the mood of a scene — the visual equivalent to the musical accompaniment of a film; compare also film tinting
Note that some of these functions are contrary to others; for example, color grading is often done to ensure that the recorded colors match those of the set design, whereas in music videos, the goal may instead be to establish a stylized look.

Traditionally, color grading was done towards technical goals. For example, in the film Marianne, grading was used so that night scenes could be filmed more cheaply in daylight. Secondary color correction was originally used to establish color continuity, however the trend today is increasingly moving towards creative goals, such as improving the aesthetics of an image, establishing stylized looks, and setting the mood of a scene through color. Due to this trend, some colorists suggest the phrase “color enhancement” over “color correction”.

Primary and secondary color grading
Primary color grading affects the whole image by providing control over the color density curves of red, green, blue color channels, across the entire frame. Secondary correction can isolate a range of hue, saturation and brightness values to bring about alterations in hue, saturation and luminance only in that range, allowing the grading of secondary colors, while having a minimal or usually no effect on the remainder of the color spectrum. Using digital grading, objects and color ranges within a scene can be isolated with precision and adjusted. Color tints can be manipulated and visual treatments pushed to extremes not physically possible with laboratory processing. With these advancements, the color correction process has become increasingly similar to well-established digital painting techniques, ushering forth a new era of digital cinematography.

Masks, mattes, power windows
The evolution of digital color grading tools has advanced to the point where the colorist can use geometric shapes (such as mattes or masks in photo software such as Adobe Photoshop) to isolate color adjustments to specific areas of an image. These tools can highlight a wall in the background and color only that wall, leaving the rest of the frame alone, or color everything but that wall. Subsequent color correctors (typically software-based) have the ability to use spline-based shapes for even greater control over isolating color adjustments. Color keying is also used for isolating areas to adjust.

Inside and outside of area-based isolations, digital filtration can be applied to soften, sharpen or mimic the effects of traditional glass photographic filters in nearly infinite degrees.

Motion tracking
When trying to isolate a color adjustment on a moving subject, the colorist traditionally would have needed to manually move a mask to follow the subject. In its most simple form, motion tracking software automates this time-consuming process using algorithms to evaluate the motion of a group of pixels. These techniques are generally derived from match moving techniques used in special effects and compositing work.

Digital intermediate
Main article: Digital intermediate
The evolution of the telecine device into film scanning allowed the digital information gathered from a film negative to be of sufficient resolution to transfer back to film. In the late 1990s, the films Pleasantville and O Brother, Where Art Thou? advanced the technology to the point that the creation of a digital intermediate was possible, which greatly expanded the capabilities of the digital telecine colorist in a traditionally film-oriented world. Today, many feature films go through the DI process, while manipulation through photochemical processing is decreasing in use.

In Hollywood, O Brother, Where Art Thou? was the first film to be wholly digitally graded. The negative was scanned with a Spirit DataCine at 2K resolution, then colors were digitally fine-tuned using a Pandora MegaDef color corrector on a Virtual DataCine. The process took several weeks, and the resulting digital master was output to film again with a Kodak laser recorder to create a master internegative.

Modern motion picture processing typically uses both digital cameras and digital projectors; when done correctly, color correction in such a system is a technical function involving the calibration of the different elements of the system, leaving the color grading process entirely to the creation of artistic color effects.

Hardware-based versus software-based systems
Hardware-based systems (da Vinci 2K, Pandora International MegaDEF, etc.) have historically offered better performance and a smaller feature set than software-based systems. Their real time performance was optimised to particular resolution and bit depths, as opposed to software platforms using standard computer industry hardware that often trade speed for resolution independence, e.g. Apple’s Color (previously Silicon Color Final Touch), ASSIMILATE SCRATCH, Adobe SpeedGrade and SGO Mistika. While hardware-based systems always offer real-time performance, some software-based systems need to render as the complexity of the color grading increases. On the other hand, software-based systems tend to have more features such as spline-based windows/masks and advanced motion tracking.

The line between hardware and software is blurring as many software-based color correctors (e.g. Pablo , Mistika, SCRATCH, Autodesk Lustre, Nucoda Film Master and Filmlight Baselight) use multi processor workstations and a GPU (graphics processing unit) as a means of hardware acceleration. As well, some newer software-based systems use a cluster of multiple parallel GPUs on the one computer system to improve performance at the very high resolutions required for feature film grading. e.g. Blackmagic Designs’ DaVinci Resolve. Some color grading software like Synthetic Aperture’s Color Finesse runs solely as software and will even run on low-end computer systems.

Hardware
“Pogle” redirects here. For other uses, see Pogle (disambiguation).
The control panels are placed in a color suite for the colorist to operate.

For high-end systems many telecines are controlled by a Da Vinci Systems color corrector 2k or 2k Plus, which is also called color grading.
Other high-end systems are controlled by Pandora Int.’s Pogle, often with either a MegaDEF, Pixi, or Revolution color grading system.
Additionally, color grading systems require an edit controller. The edit controller controls the telecine and a VTR(s) or other recording/playback devices to ensure frame accurate film frame editing. There are a number of systems which can be used for edit control. Some color grading products such as Pandora Int.’s Pogle have a built in edit controller. Otherwise, a separate device such as Da Vinci Systems’ TLC edit controller would be used.
Older systems are: Renaissance, Classic analog, Da Vinci Systems’s: The Whiz (1982) and 888; The Corporate Communications’s System 60XL (1982–1989) and Copernicus-Sunburst; Bosch Fernseh’s FRP-60 (1983–1989); Dubner (1978–1985?), Cintel’s TOPSY (1978), Amigo (1983), and ARCAS (1992) systems. All of these older systems work only with standard-definition 525 and 625 video signals, and are considered near obsolete today.

Software
The controls are shown on-screen and are sometimes accessed as a plugin to a host application.

Baselight from FilmLight is used for HD, 2K, 4K and 3D color grading. Grade operations are controlled via Blackboard. Program supports variety of film and video formats and codecs. FilmLight systems utilises cluster and cloud technology in Linux environment.
Nucoda from Digital Vision provides advance color grading tools working with ACES and HDR at SD to 8K as well as industry leading restoration and image enhancement tools.
Software like Synthetic Aperture’s Color Finesse runs as a plugin in host applications like Apple’s Final Cut Pro, Adobe’s After Effects and Premiere.
Da Vinci Systems from Blackmagic Design operates on Mac OS X, Windows 7 Pro and Linux OS utilizing a cluster of multiple parallel GPUs for real time grading of HD, 2K and 4K images in 2D or Stereoscopic 3D.
SpeedGrade from Adobe Systems released as a part of Creative Suite 6 and Creative Cloud works on Mac and PC. It works on layers interface and the workflow is linked to Premiere Pro and After Effects.
Magic Bullet Colorista II from Red Giant Software offers multi-step color correction with primary, secondary and master stages inside host applications including Apple’s Final Cut Pro, Adobe’s After Effects and Premiere.
The Grading Sweet is a package of specialized Color Grading plugins for Apple’s Final Cut Pro.
Sony Vegas has many built-in filters as well as third-party plugins for color grading.
Apple Final Cut Studio 2 contains Apple Color which is a dedicated software application for color grading.
Bones Dailies by Digital Film Technology
Other programs have their own color grading options (for example Edius or Blender).
Autodesk Lustre is a high-end color grading solution. It features GPU acceleration for most functions.
YUVsoft Color Corrector Adobe After Effects plug-in for Stereo3D color grading.
Mistika (SGO) is a color grading and online editing system.
Quantel’s Pablo Rio color correction and finishing system is available as software only or in a range of turnkey configurations.
Assimilate Scratch has advanced color grading and compositing tools and is used for creating digital dailies and for final finishing. It runs in Mac and Windows environments.
Film Convert is a simple color grading tool that converts digital footage to emulate the look of real film stocks

Source From Wikipedia