Qashani

Qashani or Kashani is a Persian decorative arts which had been popular in Iran in the 16th to 18th century, and then moved to Turkey in the time of the Ottomans with the transfer of many Persians artists to Turkey, becoming the basis for decorating the walls of mosques, palaces, shrines and tombs. It is a square-shaped ceramic tile which uses Persian-like floral-depicting 4- or 6-sided glazed tiles, decorated with blue, cyan, green and sometimes red colors. The decoration is surrounded by fine black lines that make it stand out on its white floor. The tile work had often been decorated by the inscription, floral and geometrical patterns. The inscription often provides Qur’anic verses or sentences related to historical events written in Persian script. The plant often consists of natural flowers such as lily, cloves, roses and cypress trees. Geometrical patterns consists of different geometrical shapes and polygons. In Morocco, similar artistic technique is known as zillij. Its use has been widespread in the decoration of the walls of the buildings in the Ottoman era, and this mosaical feature can also be seen in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Kashi, the abbreviated form of Qashani, was also introduced to Sindh, Kutch, and Multan where numerous examples of shrines and mosques embellished with blue, white and green tile work exist.

With the spread of Islamic religion in the East, the architecture of these areas, especially in the decorating section, has been changed. Islamic countries destroyed those works of art that were out of Islamic customs and containing the human and animal symbol. In their view, art should serve science and not worship. In the Islamic calendar, decorative arts and decorative arts remained only for epic and ephemeral scenes. Contemporary painting of geometric lines and Kofi writing, embroidered with flowers, leaves, etc. on buildings, have certainly become popular since the 3rd century AH. Such decorations can be found in the tombstones of Isma’il Samani’s tomb in Bukhara around the year of 300 AH (960 AD), the tomb of the prominent son of 418 Lunar (1027 AD), The painting of the leaf and marble stone marble of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, about 400 lunar (1009 AD), paintings on the gypsum walls of the Mosque walls of the Samanids and early Ghaznavids era. Afterwards, in Central Asia, we are witnessing the progress of painting in the Seljuk era, whose beautiful and delicate examples can be found in the altar of the Great Mosque of Olia, about 460 lunar (1067 AD), the Massoud III buildings, and the marshes of Ghazni about 500 lunar (1106 AD), the remnants The buildings of Chesht Sharif, the mosque of Herat, 567 Lunar(1200 AD), the paintings of the Imam Khomeini (Yahya bin Zayed) were found in Sar-e-Pul about 430 Lunar (1135 AD) and the 530 Lunar School of Chunh- Badghis (1175 AD).

The decorative style of Islamic monuments during the Timurid period in Herat became more influential and culminated in its evolution. Significant examples of Islamic and Islamic construction in Afghanistan include the following: the tiles of the mosque of Herat, the Goharshad tomb, the tiled minarets of the Mosalla, the temporal tiles of the castle in the castle of Vabyrauddin, the tomb of the Shah of Mab province (which according to some researchers, seven hundred types of tiles Used in it) and tile tomb of Khaje Abdullah Ansari. A number of other monuments such as minarets of mosques, shrines and monuments in different parts of Afghanistan such as Balkh, Lashkar Gah, Herat,Kunduz, Ghor, Ghazni, Kabul and other parts of Afghanistan, which are still available, each has witnessed a variety of decorative practices in Afghanistan.

The decorative style of Islamic monuments during the Timurid period in Herat became more influential and culminated in its evolution. Significant examples of Islamic and Islamic construction in Afghanistan include the following: the tiles of the mosque of Herat, the Goharshad tomb, the tiled minarets of the Mosalla, the temporal tiles of the castle in the castle of Vabyrauddin, the tomb of the Shah of Mab province (which according to some researchers, seven hundred types of tiles Used in it) and tile tomb of Khaje Abdullah Ansari. A number of other monuments such as minarets of mosques, shrines and monuments in different parts of Afghanistan such as Balkh, Lashkar Gah, Herat,Kunduz, Ghor, Ghazni, Kabul and other parts of Afghanistan, which are still available, each has witnessed a variety of decorative practices in Afghanistan.

Historically, the tile is the fifth and most basic way of decorating buildings and natural buildings. The use of this method in Islamic architecture is very common, and interesting designs have led to the growth and discovery of adobe and gypsum decoration, and everyone interested in decorating with tiles. The use of a tile in a way that completely covers the wall was first used in the 13th century in Konya. Decorative art tiles in Islamic countries reached their peak and are one of the prominent features of Islamic architecture. The tiles used to decorate the buildings are generally three types that are explained below.

A: Mosaic tile: A combination of small pieces is made which is shaved according to the original design and is installed in its place.
B: Pure tile: It has geometric designs and is made up of a combination of geometric shapes.
C: Grid Tile:
D: Tile Node:
E: Adhesive Tile (Seven Colors): The combination of elegant glazed envelopes, each of which is part of the overall design, has been further developed since the 5th Century BC with the expansion and development of other branches of Islamic tile art.

Teachers
From the contemporary professors of this field of Iranian art, one can mention Professor Ali Peng-oop Esfahani whose works are left behind in Iran and the world is a masterpiece of genuine Persian tiling and architecture, and worthy of appreciation. Among the lasting effects of the Iranian Distinguished Professor, can Gldsthhay holy shrine of Hazrat Zeinab Kobra in Syria (as the highest Gldsthhay completely covered with mosaic tiles in modern times globally) mentioned. At the present time, the sons of Professor Ali Peng-Pour are his contemporary art lovers.

Mosaic
The mosaic is a piece of cut tile, which shades different designs from different colors and folding them together in large pieces and mounted on the wall. These drawings are sometimes drawn from nodal patterns, and sometimes from different roles such as flowering and sprouting of slaves, each one individually decorating a building.
Building or installing tiles is called “super mosaic”. The mosaic of tiles in the Seljuk period, in the 4th century AH, went to Kamal and became very common. In the eighth century AH artists of the era were far ahead of the Seljuk era artists. In this century, they succeeded in diminishing the components of their mosaic shapes and displaying the most delicate, most striking forms of masonry and jewelery in a series of beautifully colored shades, which are found in the art of especially eastern Iran. Particularly cheaper, it became more popular. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the art of mosaics developed in the east. In this period, important centers of mosaics were created in the cities of Isfahan, Yazd, Herat and Samarkand. But in principle, the main focus of this work was during the Safavid period of Ardebilhave been. One of the oldest works of this kind is the Tabriz Shrine Mosque, followed by Sheikh Safi. Later, with the change of capital from Ardebil to Isfahan, this art was transferred to Isfahan, along with other handicrafts, by the order of the Shah, and Sharu built monuments such as Imam Square. The mosaic tile has this goodness, which is placed on uneven surfaces such as domes and small domes, and even subtle mogharnas, and if it needs to be restored, it will remain less compatible with the remains of healthy tiles.

Tile seven colors
A tile style is a tile with tiles of regular shape and dimensions based on the tastes of the master and the characteristics of the location of the work and mainly in the form of squares, rectangles, hexagons or other shapes, in the usual sizes 15×15 and 20×20 cm, and for Minaret and dome in dimensions of 15.5 × 10.5 cm or 10 × 10 cm in the form of white- plated white clay, arranged side by side, and the projection or line on the paper is punched through the somba, then the original design coal pollen on tile copied and then by manganese oxide, QlmgyryAnd then with different colors, but the thermal base is lowered than the first color of the tile and then it is returned to the furnace and the product is installed.

The seven main colors used to color these works are black, white, azure, turquoise, red, yellow and banana, which today are used in other colors like golden, green, and so on.

The speed of the seven-tile tile works more than the mosaic style. These tiles are used in historic places.

Tile Decorative Line
The line of inspiration from the Kofi line is considered as one of the most difficult lines in the field of reading and writing, and it has a special place in Islamic tile and architecture, and it is decorated with inscriptions inside the altar and above the minarets and the back and sides of the arch. This type of application has a lot of tile and brickwork, because it is easier to cut, like many other corners and twists. That’s why they put the name of the line on this line.

Professor Mehdi Panjehpour can be named as one of the few professors who, in addition to full proficiency in all aspects of traditional Iranian architecture and tiling, is able to read, write and execute masonry lines. He is the son of Ali Ali Panjehpour.

There are other decorative tile work in ways which under the name of Art, girih tiles, building line, Mogharnas, formal, fountains and bowls of or Shamse high and so that every one in the place of great value.

Conclusion
Among the masses of architectural materials such as flowers, gypsum, clay, stone, wood, etc., tiles play a major role. In fact, the tile is a complement to work in architecture. And our artists have clearly recognized that in a Muslim country or in the whole of the Islamic world, the only element that can realize the goals of Islamic art is a tile. The precious works of this architectural and decorative element are observed in most of the Islamic centers of the Islamic countries, all of which are the result of the mighty work of artists who devote their lives to art and fulfill their mission to the Islamic community and the goals of Islamic art through the art of tiling They gave.

Source From Wikipedia