Dead mileage, dead running or dead heading in public transport and empty leg in air charter, is when a revenue gaining vehicle operates without carrying or accepting passengers, such as when coming from a garage to begin its first trip of the day. In this case the vehicle is said to be deadheading.
Similar terms in the UK include ECS (Empty coaching stock) move or DIT (Dead in tow).
The term deadheading also applies to the practice of allowing employees of a common carrier to use a vehicle as a non-revenue passenger. For example, an airline might assign a pilot living in New York to a flight from Denver to Los Angeles, and the pilot would simply catch any flight going to Denver, either wearing their uniform or showing ID, in lieu of buying a ticket. Also, some transport companies will allow employees to use the service when off duty, such as a city bus line allowing an off-duty driver to commute to and from work, free.
Additionally, inspectors from a regulatory agency may use transport on a deadhead basis to do inspections such as a Federal Railroad Administration inspector riding a freight train to inspect for safety violations.
Causes
Dead mileage routinely occurs when a bus route starts or finishes in a location away from a bus garage or out-station, and the start or end of a shift requires driving the bus to and from the garage out of service. Dead mileage can also occur in cases where shift-break parking has to be undertaken in terminals away from the service route.
Effects, prevention and mitigation
Dead mileage incurs costs for the operator in terms of non-revenue earning fuel use, wages, and a reduction in the use of the driver’s legal hours of driving.
Operators will often reduce dead mileage by starting or finishing the first or last service of the day, or shift, at a garage along the route, a so-called part service or part route. Dead mileage may also be reduced by the operation of routes specifically timed and routed to facilitate bus movements rather than passenger need.
Dead mileage has increasingly become an issue with privatised competition for bus services, most notable with the privatisation of London bus services, where competing operators have to factor on the cost of dead mileage when bidding for specific routes away from their main garages. This is exacerbated by not being allowed to operate a service that may match the dead mileage route. This can be lessened to an extent by tendering routes in groups of sufficient size to justify opening/renting new garage space.
Often operators will come to an arrangement to share garage facilities to reduce dead mileage.
Some air charter companies are leasing out their planes at a lower rate for those empty leg flights to reduce the cost or profit from those originally non-revenuing flights.
Types of Dead mileage
Those that route between a garage (such as a railway vehicle base or a bus sales office) and the start and end points of operation
It is a type that is seen many times. In railroads, it is often set when night stays are not possible due to narrow stations and the like.
In the case of continuing the operation of two different routes in one vehicle, one traveling from the point where the first operation ends to the point where the second operation starts
It is sometimes done when the start and end points of the two routes to be operated are not far apart.
To forward it for turning backward
For railway, such a type of operation may be taken in the case where the station which becomes the end point does not correspond to the folding in the structure and there is no home in the return line of the next station (eg, Hakodate Main Line A train arriving / departing from / to the station transfers between Hoshimi Station – Zenkaku Station and returns at Zenkaku Station For details, see “Zenkaku Station”). There are such cases when bus stops at the end point and stop point at the start point are apart for buses, etc. because the vicinity of the end point is a one-way street.
Transporting vehicles to take them to a maintenance factory
This is done when periodic inspections are performed or when the vehicle is scrapped. The latter is also called “scrapped car delivery” (disused times). The Osaka municipal bus · Kanagawa Chuo Kotetsu (Atsugi branch office only) has a direction curtain “maintenance forwarding”, which is displayed during periodic inspection and repair.
Forwarding in taxi
Since it can not be handled outside the sales area, although there is other reasons for forwarding to return to the sales area after posting “forwarded” indication. See below for details.
Strictly speaking, although it differs from forwarding, the trains for business such as “distribution train” and “rust catching train”, and operation as a trial operation and a training car also do not operate, so passenger information Is treated as forwarding.
In the following, further features are listed for each transportation system.
Dead mileage of rail cars
As a train is classified as a special train.
As the distance of the railway cars increases, the waste increases, so it is often not to generate unnecessary forwarding trains at the time of diagram creation, or they are often supported by commercial operation that also serves as forwarding (see below). However, at JR and private railroads in the suburbs of Tokyo, on a route in which passengers concentrate extremely in one direction (in the morning from the terminal station in the morning and from the terminal in the center in the evening) at the terminal in the morning, Measures to return the vehicle to the departure station as soon as possible may be taken as “forward” not handling the customer. Also, at the time of making a diamond, in order not to generate a train as much as possible, the operating train is basically set to make the station with folding facilities the first station and the last station. However, when the number of users is increasing at a certain station, when it is necessary to enhance transportation capacity only in the relevant section, mainly at the time of rush, the necessity to terminate the operation at a station without folding facilities at the time of transportation trouble such as accident There are cases where a return train is tailored with a station with a folding facility, a vehicle base, etc.
For large-scale maintenance of vehicles, forwarding for maintenance occurs. Because large-scale facilities are needed, factories responsible for large-scale maintenance are often concentrated. In the case of the subway such as the Tokyo subway (Tokyo Metro), there may be maintenance plants on other routes, and inter-route communication lines for maintenance service shipping are installed. In a small railway company, there are cases where the heavy maintenance of the vehicle is entrusted to other railway companies, etc. There are cases where maintenance delivery vehicles travel on rails of another railroad company.
Dead mileage of bus vehicles
The bus garage is not limited to the business start point, but the transportation between the starting point and the garage is the center. Also, the time that the bus operator can drive is decided by law, labor-management agreement etc, and non-business hours such as business driving time and forwarding etc. are counted separately, etc., and the resources such as crew members and buses As effective utilization, it may be a relatively long distance forwarding between demand place (terminals).
The sales office of the bus can be located if there are buildings for land and sales office, compared with railway garages etc. Therefore, if the demand is unilaterally biased in the morning and evening like a commuter route, if a sales office can be set up in the place of demand in the morning rush, unnecessary forwarding is unnecessary and reasonable. However, it may be accompanied by noise from early morning till late at maintenance checks and it is difficult to set up a business office in a residential area. Furthermore, in the metropolitan area, the location of the business office is restricted by various conditions, such as difficulty in securing a vast land, there are routes where demand is generated in both directions, the commuter convenience of the crew and the like . Therefore, there are cases where the bus sales office is forced to install at a place away from the business place.
Depending on bus operators, outsourcing is proceeding to reduce traveling costs. In the case of outsourcing, the consignment fee will be commensurate with the number of trips, so the consigned routes often center on quiet routes. As a result, although there are sales offices on the route of operation, there are also instances where other business offices away from the route are in charge of actual operation. In addition, long distance transportation may be performed even on routes that are not outsourced routes.
For the commercial operation, it is necessary to have a second-class driver’s license (large / medium-sized) that corresponds to the vehicle, but forwarding and trial operation can drive even with Type 1 driver’s license.
Dead mileage of taxi vehicles
Taxis are legally unable to handle passenger rides outside the sales area. There is no problem in transporting passengers aboard in the sales area outside the sales area, but from outside the sales area, passengers who reside in the sales area or passengers whose destination is the destination reserve a taxi in advance Since it is not possible to deal with passengers except exceptional cases where passengers are sure to enter the sales area during business, for example, it is basically possible to display “empty” empty boards outside the sales area , Indicating that passenger can not handle riding applications, there are cases in which the passenger may be displayed until returning to the sales area. In this case, the company name indicator light is also often turned off.
Basically, toll road fee and other charges for forwarding are not charged to passengers, but if you can not return to the sales area unless you use the toll road etc., you are allowed to request that fee to the passenger There are cases where you go from Kobe city to Awajishima and pass through the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. By switching to “empty” display when returning to the sales area, you can handle riding in the sink. Also, when a passenger calls a taxi by telephone or the like, it is sent to the point (mainly the boarding area) requested by the passenger, but in this case it is not “forwarded” but “pickup” and “reserved car” display However, it is a broad sense of forwarding.
In addition, forwarding is carried out for reasons such as maintenance and vehicle inspection, meals / breaks, business closings, and inability to handle passengers due to restrictions on returning hours in big cities. Like the bus, a type 2 driver’s license is required for commercial operation, but forwarding work can be done with Type 1 driver’s license. However, this case is small because it is necessary to change to a driver who possesses a type II driver’s license at the time of bringing in the passenger. (When transferring between maintenance plant / sales office for maintenance / transfer / vehicle inspection, There are cases where not a crew member who got a Type 2 driver’s license but a mechanic of Type 1 driver or another employee drives.
Flight transportation
Flight transportation is called “Ferry Flight” or “Ferry”. When carrying parts such as the fuselage and wings only, it is not called a ferry flight, but even if it does not fly on its own if it is in a completed state, it is called a ferry flight.
Because airplanes consume large amounts of fuel for expensive aircraft (aviation gasoline, jet fuel), the burden on ferry flight is not small for airlines. For this reason, passenger aircraft and cargo aircraft should devise a flight schedule, make normal flight operations even in a section that would become a ferry flight, carry out a night stay if necessary, devised not to generate a complete ferry flight There. However, there are a certain number of pure ferry flights, such as receiving aircraft from aircraft manufacturer’s factory to an airline, selling or dispose of an aging aircraft.
As an example, when ferrying a large airliner from the Americas, it took a long way around and it took time, because it required island hopping and technical landing until a model capable of crossing the Atlantic (Boeing 707) and the Pacific (DC – 8) appeared. However, in modern times delivery is possible with direct delivery or refueling about twice to the delivery destination. As business jets also increased their cruising distance, they are often ferryed by passages across the Atlantic Ocean. Small machines are mostly models that can not cross the Atlantic, so they will either cross Canada over the Bering Strait, but it will take time, but they will be loaded on cheap vessels, but in a short but expensive transport aircraft.
The two major airlines in Japan, Japan Airlines and Maintenance Factory of All Nippon Airways, are located near Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport 1, 3-chome) despite the need for extensive land . This is also related to the fact that Tokyo (Haneda) in the case of domestic flights and Narita International Airport (Narita) in the case of international flight are the largest demand place. Both companies also regularly carry out ferry flights due to equipment adjustment and airframe maintenance between Haneda and Narita airports.
The space shuttle Orbiter is a spacecraft, but the forwarding by shuttle transport is called ferry flight.
Dead mileage of ship
In yachts and pleasure boats it is called turning. Large vessels may leave the harbor and evacuate to the offshore if high waves such as typhoons are expected, which is also a type of forwarding. There is also a maintenance round. Since the factory to be serviced is called “dock”, the condition in the dock for servicing maintenance and servicing is called “entering the dock”.
Dead mileage of large cargo (truck)
The cargo business does not apply to passengers, but it may be used when the truck bed is empty. Known as “empty car delivery”. The transport company in Tokyo transported from Tokyo to Fukuoka outward cargo, on return, from the shipper, from Hiroshima to Tokyo arrival. Between Fukuoka and Hiroshima, we will move cargo which is said to be unloaded without loading anything. This moving part will be vacant car. In the case of charter transport etc., because we receive a request on one way, return will look for a shipper who wishes to be transported from the locality, but the demand for up and down, descent and up is not the same.
Feed operation
Even if it is a train or bus operated driving flight, there is sometimes a case called a train / sending operation, etc. which sending of a flight that matches the character as a forward as a matter of fact. This refers to business driving at exceptional sections and train types that are different from usual, doubling as accessories forwarding and forwarding (from the place) to places such as garages and vehicle bases.
Transport operation of railroad (train)
A passenger railroad company (JR) operates a small number of regular trains using special express train vehicles. These are sometimes referred to by the common name “ride capable train” because they can ride in vehicles with facilities for express express only with fares.
There is a liner train (commonly speaking home liner) that developed this in terms of the type of train. This is handling the train which was originally operated by the train for transportation (although a separate fee is required), driving and driving down the waste. Besides, there are cases in which a regular train is operated by an express vehicle, which can also be regarded as a special example of a sending-in train (see also “intervals operation”).
In addition, the West Japan Railway (JR West) Hakata-kun Line was designed to treat passengers “Kodama” “Hikari” which had been operating a forwarding line between Hakata station of Hokkaido Shinkansen line and Hakata Comprehensive Vehicle Station (However, an express fee is necessary in addition to the fare), which can also be regarded as one of the sending trains.
There are also North Ayase branch of Tokyo subway Chiyoda line as passenger treatment on the forwarding line, but this is not a strict sending train because it is operating a train separately from the forwarding of the Chiyoda Line.
One-way locomotive train
Though it is not an integrated system of forwarding trains, what is operated only by locomotives is referred to as a single-row locomotive train (Tankoukanashita). However, since the case where the locomotives themselves load other cargoes / luggage is not characteristic in nature, it is effectively considered to be virtually the same as a forwarding train. In this case, for example, a case of traveling between a vehicle base and a station is mentioned. For these reasons, it is also called abbreviated single-machine forward. In the single-row locomotive train, the character “single” meaning this is attached to the head of the train number. In addition, in the case of two-wheeled locomotives of two, heavy single (rug) in the sense of a heavy single-row locomotive train, in the case of three cases similarly triple single (sun rug) … and so on.
In the case of inspection and the case where the power of the locomotive vehicle itself can not be used, such as when carrying the electric locomotive through the non-electrified section, there are cases where the locomotive is connected to other locomotives and moves, It is called common denomination (muddling). Unlike the above-described single-row locomotive train, this non-powered reciprocal transport may be connected to the back of the locomotive of an operating freight train without tailoring the operation schedule as a special forwarding train in some cases.
Bus sending
When demand can be expected from the garage to the departure and arrival place of a predetermined route, there is a case where the commercial operation is performed without being forwarded. Buses in urban areas are called “entrance and exit system”. There are many cases where it is operated with a dedicated system different from ordinary, not explicitly stated in a route map or the like. There may be cases where a line number is not attached or a line number of “clan” line is attached, which is an abbreviation of “extraordinary” (meaning not to operate regularly).
Also the number of driving is also various. Due to the premise that incoming / outgoing goods will be generated, there are many routes from which lines are operated only once a day, lines from the morning garage departure and the garage line at night are many, although there are many time zones other than that It is not necessarily the case that the number according to the demand of the passenger is not necessarily set, such as hardly running.
Other
In some railway fans, there is an example called “class transport” as “type forward”. This is because the transported railway car is operated without performing the original passenger sales or cargo sales. However, as a matter of course, as a meaning too, because the class A transport train is an operating freight train that transports railroad cars handled as “freight cars” by locomotives, the expression “type forward” is incorrect. In addition, JR East owns its own factory for manufacturing vehicles in Niitsu Niigata Prefecture, Niigata Prefecture, but when transporting manufactured vehicles there is called “distribution”. When the transportation purpose of the vehicle transports the scrapped vehicle to the demolition site, it is called “scrapped car delivery”.
Source from Wikipedia