The series of residential buildings (Russian: Серии жилых домов) are residential buildings built according to a group of typical projects united into a series, which, within the series, can differ in the number of sections, the number of sections, the orientation and minor details of the architectural finishes. As a rule, a series of residential buildings has a limited number of layouts of apartments, a common architectural style and construction technology. The application of serial design is oriented to the industrialization of construction and allows to obtain the minimum cost of a square meter of housing at a high rate of erection of buildings, but often leads to architectural depersonalization and monotony of residential quarters.
Most massively erected during urbanization in many countries, being the basis of the architectural appearance of residential areas of many cities. The greatest development in the serial design of apartment houses was received in the USSR during the period of mass post-war housing construction, was widely used in the socialist and developing countries, and is still used today.
Based on materials used in the construction of load-bearing and external enclosing structures, serial houses can be divided into reinforced concrete, block and brick. During the serial construction of individual houses, wood and all kinds of wood boards were also used. Reinforced concrete structures for construction technology can be panel, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
History
Serial design of the dwelling originates from typical projects that have historically evolved in different countries and among different peoples, in which traditions and lifestyle, weather conditions, availability of building materials, family welfare, etc. were optimally taken into account. For example, the traditional Russian log cabin, which appeared in IX-X centuries. in the course of slow evolution for centuries and up to the present time divided into several typical variants: the hut-four -walled poor peasants, a common hut-five-walled for middle-income families, the hut-cross, built by wealthy residents, could accommodate a large family or a whole family of several families were less common were the home by the purse andSix-story hut. In the southern regions with a milder climate, where there was not an abundance of construction timber, huts were built on a skeleton base, and for nomadic people, easy-to-use yurts of hipped type were widely used.
The emergence of lucrative houses and lodging houses
With the beginning of industrial development in the XIX century, the influx of labor into cities increased. Traditional farmstead houses of peasants could not provide concentration of a large number of the population, and the low prosperity of the main mass of working families did not give them the opportunity to solve the housing problem on their own, so the owners and landowners began to build housing on their own money, renting it. On the outskirts of cities were built barracks or traditional manor-type huts, which were densely populated, forming large working settlements. In the cities, the most widespread were profitable houses, which became the prototype of modern high-rise buildings, and their active construction began in Russia in the 1880s.
Like the modern house, profitable houses had a sectional structure and often built on individual projects. Typical design was poorly developed, because the construction conditions were very different and depended both on the capabilities and the plans of the customer, and on the layout of the site, often limited in size, for at that time the quarterly building principle prevailed when the houses were located around the perimeter of the block and faced the street, densely adjoining each other and often turning at different angles. The layout of the premises was also very diverse and was calculated for apartment tenants of different prosperity, the rich apartments consisted of 15 rooms or more, facing the front of the house, the poor were in the backyard, built-up, in order to generate income, as tightly as possible. Inside the quarters, narrow, poorly ventilated courtyards-wells,consumption.
For the impoverished strata of the population who could not afford to rent apartments, houses were built for lodging, corridor or barracks type, consisting of a large number of small rooms or benches with bunks on either side of the corridor that stretched along the entire building.
Due to political, ideological and demographic reasons, the Khrushchev “thaw” period was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when alongside with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything that in one way or another connected with the needs of people, rather than the military-industrial complex and resource-consuming raw materials industries.
The abandoned slogan ” To catch up and overtake America (for production…)” indirectly testified to the recognition by the Soviet leadership of the level of development of the economy from the most developed countries. The lag was related to the quality of food (the per capita consumption of the most important products, primarily meat), housing conditions, the possibility of purchasing certain durable goods (household appliances, etc.), transport mobility (the level of motorization, the development of rail and air transport), etc..
USSR
Prewar period
In the first years after the revolutions of 1917, “housing redistribution” began in Russia, all the rich apartments that were considered those with fewer tenants than the number of rooms were requisitioned, many social and financial barriers were lifted to the poor, the policy of industrialization, all this led to a flood of new towns from the outskirts of the city. In Moscow, to the center of the city, about 500 thousand people were resettled, during the period from 1917 to 1920 the percentage of working families within the Garden Ring increased from 5 to 50%, similar processes were also going on in other cities of the country. The existing housing stock is not suited to the new social conditions, rich apartments, which accounted for a significant part of the living space of cities, could settle only in a communal basis, as the massive construction of new and redevelopment of old buildings require big expenses or was technically impossible, there was a lot of apartments, communal.
For new conditions, the search for new types of housing began, the number of projects of this period was very diverse, attempts were made to create communal houses that did not justify themselves. In small towns and cities, at factory projects, small two-storeyed block houses of the manor type for 4-8 apartments of architects I. Zholtovsky (1923) and A. Samoilov (1923), in the villages, the construction of tadic log houses continued to dominate. Since 1924 sectional construction is reviving again, in 1925 the first typical residential section for multi-storey construction appeared in Moscow, but there was no single housing policy in the USSR, apartments in new houses were often either too inconvenient or, because of large sizes, communal basis.
A significant leap typical design was received during the first five-year plans. The growth of the country’s population by almost 40 million people, the continuous influx of labor into cities, the need for a current replacement of the old housing stock, all this required massive construction. A large number of design and construction organizations are being created, prefabricated house-building technologies and high-speed construction methods are being developed, the first large-block houses are appearing, optimal sizes and layout of apartments are being worked out. The volume of construction increases from 40.2 million square meters. m. for 5 years of the First Five-Year Plan to 81.6 million m² for 3 years of the Third Five-Year Plan (1938-1940). In 1940, all housing construction in the USSR is already oriented towards typical projects of buildings designed for the construction by an industrial method,series of standard projects related to the general construction technology, building materials, architectural style and designed for the development of the entire residential area.
In 1939-1940 the first national projects of low-rise buildings for settlements were developed. Typical residential section of the city house of that period had from 4 to 6 apartments on the site, the ratio of 1-, 2- and 3-room apartments was 10, 60 and 30%.
Postwar period
During the Great Patriotic Warmajor housing construction was almost not carried out until 1943, the resources of the construction industry were thrown on the maintenance of industry and the army. Since almost 50% of the housing stock was destroyed in the occupied territories, the housing issue again deteriorated and the program of post-war construction required intensification of the industry. Although during the first postwar five-year period, the country’s resources were thrown on the restoration of industry, during this period the methodology of serial design was finalized, projects of a whole series of buildings differing in the number of apartments, layout, and composition of premises were performed on a single constructive and engineering basis, and the details of the buildings were calculated for centralized production in factory conditions.
In the first post-war years, in general, houses were built of a small number of storeys in 2-5-storey buildings, complex series numbered up to 50 standard projects. Due to the simplicity of the constructive solution and the economical layout of the apartments, the series No. 228 (Gorstroyproekt) and similar series No. 201-206, 211, 221-227, 241, 242, 261, 262 of the development of ” State Architectural Workshops “,” Giproaviaproma “,” Voenproekt “,” Soyuzstroiproekt “,” Tekhbyuro Architecture Academy “and others.
Tipovyye new projects have been developed on the basis of materials of the All-Union Competition in 1956, where in addition to the main types of houses for resettlement posemeynogo originally envisaged and at home with communal apartments for small families (2 persons) and single, had a shared kitchen and bathroom. In the early 1960s, housing policy has been revised, it was decided to completely abandon the communal, and the pace of construction to save the expense of increasing the efficiency of housing by reducing its cost. In addition to the maximum industrialization (in the country was organized by about 400 construction enterprises), reduced construction costs due to the transition from brick on large-panel housing construction (the share of which in 1959-1964 increased by 10 times), reducing the auxiliary area of apartments, lowering the height of the floor, and minimizing the cost of exterior decoration of buildings.. The main series of large-panel residential buildings of this period: 335, 463 (Ukrainian SSR), 464 (Institute Giprostroyindustriya), 467 (Design Bureau for reinforced concrete Gosstroy of the RSFSR), 468 (Gorstroyproekt), 515 (Moscow).
Since the early 1960s, housing construction in the USSR was based on industrial housing construction – the construction of neighborhoods of 5- and 9- storey serial panel houses. This reduced the cost of construction and allowed to increase the input of housing, and also made it much more comfortable than communal apartments, already because from now on each apartment was designed based on the settlement of one family (although there is still a practice of using apartments in standard houses as communal), but not several. Simultaneously with the construction of large-panel houses began to appear and serial houses of the ” blocks”- the same panels, only not in the whole wall.
In the USSR, precursors of the coming mass construction on the basis of industrial blocks and panels became slagblock ” stalinkas “. The architecture of these buildings are utilitarian, no decoration, plastered lime bricks for exterior walls, almost flat facades with standard stucco decor.
The first four-story frame-panel house in the USSR was built in 1948 in Moscow on the 5th st. Sokolinoy mountains (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov). Currently his address is Budenny Prospekt, 43. At this time, the country’s leadership before the builders was tasked to create the cheapest project of an apartment house with the possibility of residential settlement (that is, with separate, rather than communal apartments). The first stage of this task was the introduction of the idea of an industrial panel house building with a bearing frame. In 1948-1951, MV Posokhin, AA Mndoyants and VP Lagutenko built a 10-story frame-panel house in Moscow (Kuusinen, Sorge streets). In the same year, a draft frameless panel house was developed (built in 1950 in Magnitogorsk). In 1954 in Moscow on the 6th st. Oktyabrskogo field built a 7-story frameless panel house (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov, L. Wrangel, Z. Nesterova, N. A. Osterman). Khrushchev, whose design was conducted since the late 1940s, went into series after the historic resolution of 1955 ” On the elimination of excesses in design and construction ” (“the outwardly ostentatious side of architecture abounding in excesses”, characteristic of the Stalin era, now “does not correspond lines of the Party and the Government in the architectural and construction business….Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, strictness of form and cost-effectiveness of decisions “).
The ideological and scientific justification for the new course was reduced to the following points:
the communal apartment was not a project of the Soviet government, but was the result of savings during industrialization;
the residence of several families in one apartment is abnormal and is a social problem;
communal apartments – an economically unprofitable type of housing that does not meet modern requirements;
The problem of communal apartments can be solved through mass construction using new technologies.
Turning point were the decisions “On measures for further industrialization, quality improvement and lower construction costs” 1956 and “On the Development of Housing Construction in the USSR” in 1957. The assignment of the party to the builders consisted in developing, by the autumn of 1956, projects that would make it possible to sharply reduce the cost of building housing and make it accessible to the working people. So the famous ” Khrushchev ” appeared. The goal of the project was that in 1980 every Soviet family met communism in a separate apartment. [eleven]
However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families owned separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the terms for 15 years, putting forward the slogan “To each Soviet family – a separate apartment by the year 2000”.
In 1959 the XXI Congress noted the existence of the housing problem and called the development of housing construction “one of the most important tasks”. It was envisaged that in 1959-1965. will be commissioned in 2,3 times more apartments than in the last seven-year period. And the emphasis was on individual, not communal apartments.
The prototype for the first “Khrushchev” were block buildings (German Plattenbau), built in Berlin and Dresden from the 1920s. The construction of dwellings “Khrushchev” continued from 1959 to 1985. This allowed to annually enter 110 million square meters of housing. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building plants, factories of concrete products, etc. The first house-building plants were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroi system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, for the period 1966- 1970 years in Leningrad942 thousand people received a living space, and 809 thousand moved into new homes and 133 thousand received an area in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-storey panel houses is underway, since 1963 – 12-storey.
Notation
Each standard building design developed in the USSR is designated by a standard cipher consisting of a series of numbers separated by hyphens of the form:
TTM-SSS-XX
Where:
TT – type of building
residential
11 – Multi-section apartment buildings;
12 – One-section multi-apartment houses;
13 – Multi-apartment apartment houses of gallery type;
14 – Manor houses for 1… 6 apartments in two levels;
15 – Homes for small families;
16 – Dormitories, boarding houses, cultural and public buildings;
17 – Houses for rural construction with floored apartments and separate entrances;
18 – Manor houses for 1 – 2 one-storey apartments;
19 – Economic buildings for manor houses.
public
21 – Children’s pre-school institutions;
22 – Schools and extracurricular institutions;
23 – vocational schools, secondary, special, higher educational institutions, training centers, mills;
24 – Sanatorium and spa treatment, recreation and tourism institutions;
25 – Treatment and prophylactic institutions;
26 – Spectacular and cultural and educational, for government bodies and Society. organizations;
27 – Trade and catering enterprises. Community centers;
28 – Enterprises of public services and municipal services;
29 – Physical fitness and sports buildings and structures.
M – material of the walls of the building
1 – Panels;
2 – Buildings with a bearing frame;
3 – Blocks;
4 – Brick;
5 – Tuf stone;
6 – Brevena or timber;
7 – Volumetric modules of full factory readiness;
8 – Monolithic concrete.
SSS – Number of the series to which the sample project belongs.
ХХ – Number of the project.
At the end of the cipher, after a slash or dot, the project correction indices and the year of its creation (last 2 digits) are often indicated:
1 – as a rule, means the adjustment of the project during the period from 1974-1976.
2 – in the period 1982-1983.
If the building is designed for special geological conditions, at the end of the project number, before the adjustment index, there may be letters:
c – For extra-job areas;
n – For subsidence ground;
m – For permafrost soils;
c – For construction in seismic areas;
Example:
Typical project 113-81-3 / 1.2
Multi-section apartment building (11) from blocks (3) of series 81, project number in the series – 3, the project was revised twice.
Similarly, typical designs of block-sections of serial houses are designated, but the first group of numbers (TTM) does not exist in them, and only the series and project number are marked, which always begins with the digit “0” (CCC-0X).
The designation can also include the design durability of the building, which has 4 degrees:
I – More than 100 years.
II – From 50 to 100 years.
III – From 20 to 100 years.
IV – From 5 to 20 years.
Technology
Among the typical large-scale residential houses were most widely used.
Components of the panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs, which are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, so it is assumed that their quality should differ in a positive way from products produced directly on the construction site. On the construction site are delivered ready-made parts of the structure, which the builders can only mount. As a result, labor productivity in such a construction is very high. The area of the construction site is much smaller than that required for the construction of a brick house. The main advantage of panel housing before the monolithic is the absence directly on the construction site of large volumes of reinforcement installation andconcreting.
Panels for residential buildings for social welfare
In 1955 – 1958 years. a group of architects led by Valerian Kirchoglani of workshop No. 10 Lenproekt (now LenNIIproyekt) developed projects of standard kindergartens using standard DSC products. Development of standard projects of frame-panel kindergartens has been carried out since 1964. Project kindergarten series 1-335A-211 – used panels produced for the construction of residential buildings series 1-335A. There were two modifications – a one-story building for 140 and a two-story building for 280 children. Projects of workshop No. 4 – series 2C-04 – were developed by the efforts of architects V. Beryozkina and V. Maslov similarly for 140 and 280 children. The projects of these workshops turned out to be similar, since all kindergartens in terms of were H-shaped. These types of kindergartens were used in the construction of Leningrad residential quarters in the 1970s. Mass construction of kindergartens in Leningrad from the beginning of the eighties was conducted according to the standard project 212-2-3LG, designed by the architect M. Sadovsky.
In other countries
In France, for the exhibition ” Autumn Salon ” in 1922, Eduard Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret presented the project ” Modern city for 3 million inhabitants “, which proposed a new vision of the city of the future. Subsequently, this project was transformed into the ” Voisin Plan ” (1925)) – a developed proposal for the radical reconstruction of Paris. The Voisin plan foresaw the construction of a new business center in Paris on a fully cleared territory. For this, it was proposed to demolish 240 hectares of old buildings. Eighteen identical skyscraper-offices in 50 floors on the plan were located freely, at a sufficient distance from each other. The built-up area was only 5%, while the remaining 95% of the territory was allocated for highways, parks and pedestrian areas. “The Voisin Plan” was widely discussed in the French press and became a kind of sensation.
In 1924, at the request of the industrialist Henry Frujier, in the village of Pessac near Bordeaux, the town of Quartiers Modernes Frugès was built according to the project of Corbusier. This town, consisting of 50 two-three-story apartment buildings, was one of the first experiences of building houses in lots (in France). Here four types of buildings are used, different in configuration and layout – tape houses, blocked and separately standing. In this project, Corbusier tried to find the formula of a modern house at affordable prices – simple forms, simple in construction and with a modern level of comfort.
At the International Exhibition of Contemporary Decorative and Industrial Arts in 1925 in Paris, according to the project Corbusier was built pavilion ” Esprit Nouveau ” (L’Esprit Nouveau). The pavilion included a residential cell of a multi-apartment apartment full-size apartment – an experimental apartment in two levels. A similar cell Corbusier used later, in the late 40-ies, when creating his Marseilles Residential Unit. The Marseilles Block (1947-1952) is an apartment building in Marseilleslocated separately on a spacious green area. Corbusier used in this project standardized duplex apartments (in two levels) with loggias overlooking both sides of the house. Inside the building – in the middle of its height – there is a public service complex: a cafeteria, a library, a post office, grocery stores and the like. On the enclosing walls of the loggias for the first time on such a scale a coloring in bright, pure colors – polychrome is applied. Similar Residential Units (partially modified) were erected later in the cities of Nantes-Rez (1955), Mo (1960), Brie-en-Foret (1961), Firmini (1968) (France), West Berlin (1957). In these buildings the idea of the “Radiant City” of Corbusier – a city favorable for human existence – was embodied.
In 1950, at the invitation of the Indian authorities of the state of Punjab, Corbusier began to implement the most ambitious project of his life – the project of a new state capital, the city of Chandigarh. As in the Marseille block, a special technology for processing the concrete surface, the so-called “béton brut” (fr – untreated concrete), is applied for exterior finishing. This technique, which became a feature of the style of Le Corbusier, was later picked up by many architects of Europe and countries of other regions, which allowed to speak about the emergence of a new trend of ” brutalism “. Brutalism was most prevalent in Great Britain(especially in the 1960s) and in the USSR (especially in the 1980s). By the early 1980’s. Western Europe was swept by a wave of protests against this kind of development. Over time, brutalism began to be perceived as the embodiment of the worst qualities of modern architecture (alienation from human needs, soullessness, claustrophobic, etc.), and its relevance came to naught.
Built according to plan, the city of Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, was created as the embodiment of Le Corbusier’s vision, and includes some of the world’s famous samples of typical residential buildings that he developed in the 1920s and 1940s.
Source from Wikipedia